Winter Biathlon: A Combination of Skiing and Shooting

Core Disciplines and Format

The sport combines cross-country skiing, a test of endurance, with rifle marksmanship, demanding precision and control. Competitors ski a looped course, punctuated by shooting rounds. Penalty loops or time penalties are incurred for each missed target.

Equipment

Skis and Poles

Participants utilize free-technique (skating) cross-country skis and poles. These skis are typically lightweight and designed for speed and glide. Pole length is a crucial factor in propulsion and efficiency.

Rifle

A .22 caliber rifle is employed. The rifle must meet specific weight and dimensional requirements. Competitors typically use a sling to stabilize the rifle during shooting.

Ammunition

Standard .22 Long Rifle ammunition is used.

Shooting Positions

Two shooting positions are utilized: prone (lying down) and standing. Prone shooting generally offers greater stability, while standing requires more balance and control. The distance to the targets is 50 meters in both positions.

Targetry

Targets are circular metal plates that flip down when hit. The diameter of the prone target is 45mm, while the standing target is 115mm.

Race Formats

• Individual: The oldest format, featuring staggered starts and time penalties for misses.
• Sprint: Shorter distance than the Individual, with penalty loops for missed shots.
• Pursuit: Based on the results of the Sprint, with start times determined by the Sprint finish.
• Mass Start: All competitors start simultaneously.
• Relay: Teams of four compete, with each athlete skiing and shooting.
• Mixed Relay: Teams consisting of two women and two men.
• Single Mixed Relay: One woman and one man per team, each skiing and shooting multiple legs.

Governing Body

The International Biathlon Union (IBU) governs the sport worldwide, setting rules and regulations for competitions, including those at the Winter Games.