Prunus amygdalus var. amara Oil: Properties and Applications

Botanical Origin and Extraction

Oil derived from the bitter almond tree (Prunus amygdalus var. amara), a variant of the almond tree. Extraction typically involves pressing the kernels, followed by steam distillation to remove specific compounds.

Chemical Composition

Characterized by the presence of amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside. Upon hydrolysis, amygdalin breaks down to benzaldehyde, glucose, and hydrogen cyanide. The benzaldehyde contributes to a distinct almond-like aroma. The key differentiating factor from sweet almond oil is the presence of significant amounts of amygdalin.

Hydrogen Cyanide Content and Toxicity

Raw, unrefined material contains potentially toxic levels of hydrogen cyanide. Ingestion or absorption can lead to cyanide poisoning. Regulations in many regions restrict or prohibit its sale and the internal consumption of products containing it. Even topical is use is limited and highly regulated.

Traditional and Historical Applications

Historically, heavily diluted forms were employed in flavoring extracts, perfumes, and some cosmetic formulations. Due to its toxicity, its current inclusion in such products is highly regulated and often prohibited, frequently replaced by synthetic benzaldehyde or sweet almond oil.

Modern Applications and Substitutes

In contemporary practices, synthetic benzaldehyde and sweet almond oil are favored as safer alternatives. Sweet almond oil (Prunus amygdalus var. dulcis) lacks the amygdalin component and is therefore non-toxic, making it suitable for cosmetic and aromatherapy applications. Food-grade benzaldehyde can also be synthesized or obtained from other natural sources to mimic the characteristic flavor and aroma.

Safety Considerations and Regulations

Due to the inherent risks, strict adherence to safety guidelines and regulatory standards is paramount when handling or formulating with oil derived from bitter almonds. Consultation with toxicological experts is essential. The use of alternative oils is highly recommended to avoid potential adverse effects.